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And where do you see that $id_cart is not passed?

$cart = new Cart() => return $cart->id !!

You can also directly call Hook::exec

$cart = new Cart();
/* or $cart =  new Cart(int) $id_cart); */
$data = [
            'cart' => $cart,
            'product' => $product,
            'id_product_attribute' => $id_product_attribute,
            'id_customization' => $id_customization,
            'quantity' => $quantity,
            'operator' => $operator,
            'id_address_delivery' => $id_address_delivery,
            'shop' => $shop,
            'auto_add_cart_rule' => $auto_add_cart_rule,
        ];

Hook::exec('actionCartUpdateQuantityBefore', $data);

And where do you see that $id_cart is not passed?

$cart = new Cart() => return $cart->id !!

You can also directly call Hook::exec

$data = [
            'cart' => $this,
            'product' => $product,
            'id_product_attribute' => $id_product_attribute,
            'id_customization' => $id_customization,
            'quantity' => $quantity,
            'operator' => $operator,
            'id_address_delivery' => $id_address_delivery,
            'shop' => $shop,
            'auto_add_cart_rule' => $auto_add_cart_rule,
        ];

Hook::exec('actionCartUpdateQuantityBefore', $data);